Aceites esenciales, fenología e interacciones bióticas de la planta invasora Crassocephalum crepidioides (Asteraceae) en Costa Rica

Aceites esenciales, fenología e interacciones bióticas de la planta invasora Crassocephalum crepidioides (Asteraceae) en Costa Rica

Autores/as

  • Carlos Chaverri 1. Universidad de Costa Rica, Escuela de Química. 11501-2060 San José, Costa Rica. 2. Universidad de Costa Rica, Centro de Investigaciones en Productos Naturales (CIPRONA). 11501-2060, San José, Costa Rica. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0260-994X
  • Carlos O. Morales Universidad de Costa Rica, Escuela de Biología, Herbario USJ. 11501-2060, San José, Costa Rica https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7676-9973
  • José F. Cicció 1. Universidad de Costa Rica, Escuela de Química. 11501-2060 San José, Costa Rica. 2. Universidad de Costa Rica, Centro de Investigaciones en Productos Naturales (CIPRONA). 11501-2060, San José, Costa Rica. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4550-2090

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.22458/urj.v14i2.4079

Resumen

RESUMEN.

Introducción: Crassocephalum crepidioides (Asteraceae) es una especie herbácea con notables usos etnobotánicos en África y otras áreas, que se extendió como invasora en varias regiones tropicales y subtropicales del mundo. Objetivo: Determinar la composición química de los aceites esenciales de C. crepidioides (planta entera, hojas, tallos, flores y raíces), observar y medir parámetros fenológicos (crecimiento y desarrollo) y registrar indicios de interacción de las plantas con otros agentes bióticos a lo largo del ciclo de vida en el Valle Central de Costa Rica. Métodos: La extracción de los aceites se realizó mediante el procedimiento de hidrodestilación, usando un equipo Clevenger modificado. La composición química de los aceites se obtuvo mediante técnicas cromatográficas (GC/FID y GC/MS), el cálculo de los índices de retención en dos columnas de polaridad diferente y mediante los espectros de masa de cada constituyente. El estudio biológico de campo fue un registro descriptivo de patrones fenológicos observados durante un año en 45 plantas de tres sitios, abarcando las fases vegetativa y reproductiva. Resultados: Los aceites esenciales están constituidos principalmente por terpenoides (91,0-98,6%). Se identificaron en total 231 compuestos diferentes en todas las muestras analizadas, correspondientes a un 94,9-99,3% de los constituyentes totales. Los compuestos mayoritarios de los aceites de las hojas fueron mirceno (67,5%) y β-felandreno (11,6%), mientras que los aceites de los tallos registraron principalmente mirceno (42,2%) y α-copaeno (16,5%). Los constituyentes mayoritarios del aceite de las flores fueron mirceno (71,8%) y β-felandreno (17,2%). En los aceites de las raíces predominaron (E)-β-farneseno (46,0-29,5%), (Z)-β-farneseno (13,0-15,7%) y (E)-cariofileno (6,0-6,1%). La altura promedio de las plantas fue considerablemente mayor en sitios abiertos y soleados que en sitios parcialmente umbrosos. En sitios abiertos las hojas superiores desarrollaron lóbulos laterales profundos, que fueron nulos o raros en sitios sombreados. En uno de los sitios 36% de plantas murió antes de completar el ciclo de vida, principalmente por herbivoría, que afectó más de 80% de todas las plantas y dañó 100% de órganos del vástago. Noviembre y diciembre fueron los meses con máxima antesis floral y maduración de frutos. Conclusiones: Esta especie se reconoce como anual, pero 2/3 de las plantas observadas completaron su ciclo de vida en 4 a 6 meses y, debido a herbivoría y otros factores ambientales, su propagación se ha reducido notablemente.

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Publicado

2022-10-06

Cómo citar

Chaverri, C., Morales, C. O., & Cicció, J. F. (2022). Aceites esenciales, fenología e interacciones bióticas de la planta invasora Crassocephalum crepidioides (Asteraceae) en Costa Rica. UNED Research Journal, 14(2), e4079. https://doi.org/10.22458/urj.v14i2.4079

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