Impactos en la agricultura del cambio climático en regiones con clima templado y frío
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22458/rc.v29i1.5971Palabras clave:
cambio climático, agricultura, suelos agrícolas, requerimientos hídricos, regiones templadasResumen
El cambio climático representa una amenaza creciente para la sostenibilidad de la agricultura, particularmente en regiones con climas templados y fríos, donde los sistemas productivos son altamente sensibles a las alteraciones en las variables climáticas. Este artículo presenta una revisión exhaustiva de literatura científica publicada entre 2006 y 2023, centrada en los principales impactos del cambio climático sobre los suelos agrícolas y los requerimientos hídricos, con especial atención a procesos como la salinización, la erosión, la pérdida de carbono orgánico y la mayor evapotranspiración.
Los hallazgos evidencian que el calentamiento global y los cambios en los patrones de precipitación están degradando progresivamente la calidad edáfica, afectando la fertilidad del suelo, la retención de nutrientes y la capacidad de producción agrícola. A nivel hidrológico, se identifica un incremento en la demanda de riego debido a la mayor evapotranspiración y la irregularidad de las lluvias, lo que genera una presión adicional sobre los recursos hídricos, especialmente en sistemas de cultivo de secano.
Asimismo, se analiza la redistribución espacial de la aptitud agrícola, con posibles beneficios en zonas nórdicas por la expansión de la temporada de crecimiento, pero también con fuertes limitaciones en regiones mediterráneas y de Europa Central, afectadas por estrés térmico e hídrico. Los efectos varían según el contexto geográfico, con estudios de caso en Europa, América, Asia y África que evidencian tanto pérdidas de productividad como cambios en los usos del suelo.
Desde una perspectiva socioeconómica, el artículo destaca la vulnerabilidad de los pequeños y medianos agricultores, quienes enfrentan mayores barreras para adaptarse debido a limitaciones tecnológicas, económicas e institucionales. Se concluye que los impactos del cambio climático sobre la agricultura en estas regiones son multidimensionales y requieren respuestas integrales, que combinen innovación tecnológica, restauración ecológica, políticas públicas inclusivas y participación comunitaria, con el fin de garantizar la seguridad alimentaria y la resiliencia de los sistemas agroproductivos frente a escenarios climáticos futuros.
Citas
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