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Universidad Estatal a Distancia, Costa Rica
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Age differences in emotional, social, physical, and “spiritual” self-care among university personnel
Introduction: Self-care is essential for health promotion and disease prevention through intentional behaviors aimed at maintaining holistic well-being. Objective: To describe self-care behaviors across age groups among staff using a Costa Rican public higher education institution. Methods: We did a cross-sectional study with the Self-Care Behavior Scale (ECA). A total of 737 individuals participated (67% of the target population). Results: Emotional and social self-care obtained the highest scores (>8), followed by physical self-care (>7), while spiritual self-care showed the lowest scores. Significant age-group differences were identified across all dimensions. Individuals over 50 years reported more frequent emotional, social, and spiritual self-care practices, and demonstrated more controlled consumption of fast food compared with younger groups. Conclusion: Age plays a relevant role in self-care behaviors. Staff over 50 years exhibited higher engagement in emotional, social, and spiritual self-care, highlighting the need to strengthen strategies targeted at younger workers.
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Insecticidal, repellent, and antifeedant effect of five botanical extracts on Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Introduction: The reliance on synthetic insecticides has disrupted the ecological balance of agricultural insect fauna, promoting the development and resistance of pests such as S. frugiperda. As an environmentally “friendly” alternative, the use of plant extracts is promoted for pest control. Objective: To evaluate the insecticidal, repellent, and antifeedant effects of five botanical extracts on Spodoptera frugiperda larvae under laboratory conditions. Materials and Methods: We carried out three laboratory trials, each with six treatments: T1 = distilled water; T2 = Marigold (Tagetes erecta); T3 = garlic (Allium sativum) + neem (Azadirachta indica); T4 = noni (Morinda citrifolia L.) + juanilama (Lippia alba); T5 = papaya seeds (Carica papaya); and T6 = Gliricidia sepium) + oregano (Origanum vulgare L.), using a completely randomized design with 15 replications. We recorded larval mortality as well as the repellent and antifeedant effects of the treatments. Results: In the insecticidal effect tests, garlic and neem extract (T3) caused the highest larval mortality, with significant differences compared to the other treatments (p = 0,038). Feeding and toxic effect tests had no significant differences; the highest larval mortality occurred with the noni + Juanilama (T4) and Gliricidia + oregano (T6) treatments. Additionally, we did not find an effect of the treatments on larval repellency (p = 0,6831). Conclusion: The garlic and neem extract (T3) showed the highest insecticidal effect; however, we did not observe consistent differences among treatments in the other trials. Other dosages and conditions should be tested.
Sapote (Pouteria sapota; Sapotaceae) consumption in five cities of Costa Rica
Introduction: There are no studies on the consumption of sapote (Pouteria sapota). Objective: To qualitatively characterize the consumption of sapote in five cities in Costa Rica. Methods: We conducted the research in the cities of San José, Alajuela, Heredia, Cartago, and Liberia, between April and December 2019. We conducted 640 personal interviews on various topics related to knowledge about this fruit and its consumption. Results: In Liberia, we found a higher level of knowledge about sapote (86% of respondents) and higher consumption of this fruit (66%), compared to the other cities studied (71-80%, and 31-42%, respectively). In the five cities, the preference for sapote consumption was reported by 28-71% of women and 26-60% of men, as well as by 19-38% of people between 15-29 years old, 25-68% of people between 30-44 years old, 34-78% of people between 45-59 years old, and 34-97% of people between 60-99 years old. In all five cities, most people who consumed sapote did so once or twice a year. In San José, Alajuela, and Liberia, the main place to buy this fruit was the farmers' market, while in Heredia and Cartago it was the supermarket. In San José, Alajuela, Heredia, and Liberia, sapote was primarily considered to be fairly priced, but in Cartago, it was largely considered expensive. The main characteristics associated with a quality sapote fruit were: red or orange pulp, sweet or very sweet flavor, soft pulp, large size, good flavor, and no bruises, cracks or damage. In all five cities, the main form of consumption of sapote was as fresh fruit. Conclusion: The study reveals that there is a significant level of sapote consumption among the young population in the five cities studied. Furthermore, this work represents the first systematic analysis of the characterization of sapote consumption in Costa Rica, which will provide relevant information for future strategies to promote and conserve this species.
Rheological, Nutritional, and Sensory Properties of Costa Rican and Imported tilapia, Oreochromis spp.
Introduction: In the Costa Rican market, tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) represents 80% of aquaculture production, competing in sales with fillets imported mainly from Asia. Yet there is a lack of comparative studies on the quantitative differences and quality perceptions of these products. Objective: To compare the instrumental, sensory, and nutritional properties of tilapia fillets produced in Costa Rica and three imported samples commercially available nationwide. Methods. We evaluated one domestic and three imported commercial tilapia brands for proximate composition (moisture, protein, lipids, ash, pH, and water activity) and fatty acid profiles using gas chromatography. We also measured instrumental color and texture via Texture Profile Analysis, and overall sensory acceptability by 105 untrained consumers. We applied one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s HSD or LSD mean comparison tests, Pearson correlations and Ward’s hierarchical cluster analysis. Results: Domestic tilapia had a higher protein content (19%) and lower moisture (79%), which resulted in a texture profile with more firmness, gumminess and chewiness. We associated this with a pH close to neutrality (6,37), indicating greater freshness compared to the imported counterparts, which showed much more alkaline values up to 8,57. The individual lipid profile did not present significant differences among samples and was dominated by oleic, palmitic, and linoleic acids, whereas when grouped by saturation, only a slight superiority in ω-3 was evidenced in one imported sample. A different case was colorimetry, where we did find differences for lightness (L*) and yellowness (b*). The sensory acceptability evaluation revealed the existence of four consumer clusters, two of which rated domestic tilapia with low scores, describing it as less desirable compared to imported samples, making it clear that texture was prioritized as an attribute. Conclusion: Although it can be argued that domestic tilapia has greater freshness and a debatably better nutritional profile, the imported samples were more sensorially attractive for a significant fraction of consumers participating in the sensory panel.
Effect of pyrolysis and temperature on surface chemical properties of palm, bamboo and cypress biochars
Introduction: Biochar is a carbonaceous material obtained through the pyrolysis of biomass under oxygen-limited conditions. Its potential for agricultural and environmental applications directly depends on its chemical and structural properties. Pyrolysis temperature and production methods dictate the proportion of oxygenated functional groups, the degree of aromaticity, and mineral content, thus modifying its stability and functionality. Objective: To determine the effect of pyrolysis conditions on the surface chemical properties of biochars derived from oil palm empty fruit bunches, cypress wood, and bamboo. Methods: We used a field-scale kiln (Kon-Tiki) and controlled laboratory conditions (muffle furnace at 400°C, 500°C, 600°C, and 700°C) together with proximal analysis, determination of pH and electrical conductivity, elemental analysis (CHNS/O), zeta potential measurement, Boehm titration, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Results: Increasing pyrolysis temperature reduced volatile matter while increasing fixed carbon and ash content; pH increased with temperature, whereas field-produced biochars exhibited higher electrical conductivity values. Elemental analysis showed a carbon increase up to 82% and a decrease in oxygen and hydrogen content. Atomic ratios H/Corg and O/Corg decreased progressively, indicating high aromatic stability. Oil palm empty fruit had more nitrogen than bamboo and cypress, with sulfur at trace or undetectable levels. The Zeta potential became less negative at higher temperatures due to surface deoxygenation (confirmed by FTIR and Boehm titration). Biochars retained higher active site density than activated carbon. Conclusions: Laboratory-produced biochars presented more homogeneous properties and structural stability, while field-produced materials exhibited a unique functional duality of a stable core and a reactive periphery. This biochar stands out for its potential nitrogen contribution to the edaphic system.
Effect of oviposition substrate on the reproductive efficiency of Acheta domesticus (Orthoptera: Gryllidae)
Introduction: Acheta domesticus exhibits distinctive morphological traits and a clear sexual dimorphism that facilitate its identification and management. Its relevance as a protein source for human and animal nutrition, together with the recent growth of the edible insect industry in Costa Rica, highlights the need to develop and standardize reproductive protocols that optimize oviposition, embryonic development, and the survival of A. domesticus in intensive rearing systems. Objective: To evaluate the quality and preference of organic substrates as oviposition media for female A. domesticus. Methods: Between October and December 2024, we analyzed the effect of four organic substrates (river sand, coconut fiber, agricultural soil, and peat moss) on the reproductive development of A. domesticus. We conducted two independent trials: one to assess substrate quality and another to determine oviposition preference. In the first trial, we applied a completely randomized design (CRD) with four treatments and six replicates, while in the second, we conducted an exploratory multiple-treatment trial in which all substrates were evaluated simultaneously in each experimental unit. In both trials, we recorded nymph emergence from each substrate; emerged individuals were collected and preserved in 90% ethanol for subsequent counting using a stereoscope and entomological tweezers. For data analysis, we applied the Shapiro-Wilk test for normality; since this assumption was not met, we used the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test. Multiple comparisons were then performed using Dunn’s test with Bonferroni correction, using RStudio software. Results: We recorded the highest egg hatching in peat moss, with values significantly higher compared to the other treatments evaluated. Similarly, in the substrate preference trial, peat moss yielded the best results, showing significant differences. Conclusion: The physical and chemical properties of the substrate determine the reproductive success and embryonic viability of Acheta domesticus. Peat moss stood out as the most efficient substrate due to its moisture retention, porosity, and thermal stability, while other substrates showed limitations that affected embryonic development. Selecting an appropriate substrate optimizes reproduction and embryonic survival in controlled rearing systems.
Star apple (Chrysophyllum cainito; Sapotaceae): consumption in five cities of Costa Rica
Introduction: There are no studies on the consumption of star apple (Chrysophyllum cainito). Objective: To qualitatively characterize the consumption of star apple in five cities in Costa Rica. Methods: We interviewed 657 persons in San José, Alajuela, Heredia, Cartago, and Liberia, between January and August 2019. Results: Liberia had the best knowledge (88% of respondents) and higher consumption (70%) compared to the other cities (73-84% and 47-58%, respectively). In the five cities, the preference for consumption was reported by 44-68% of women and 49-71% of men, as well as by 13-31% of people aged 15-29, 41-65% of people aged 30-44, 50-88% of people aged 45-59, and 59-100% of people aged 60-99. Most consumed it fresh, once or twice a year and considered it reasonably priced. High-quality star apples were described as slightly soft, uniformly dark purple with intense color, firm with good texture, low in latex, and large. Conclusion: Large uniform fruits are preferred and Liberia has the highest knowledge and consumption, particularly among older men, but consumption is not frequent and needs better promotion.
The influence of Information and Communication Technologies on English learning in university students of Secondary Education
Introduction: Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) integration in English language teaching strengthens university students’ autonomy. Objective: To determine the influence of ICT on English learning among secondary education students in a Peruvian institution. Methods: We conducted a correlational study with 80 students (2025-I). We applied two Likert-type questionnaires (Cronbach’s alpha: 0.847 and 0.959). Results: We found that 95% of participants reported high ICT use. Regarding English learning, 44% reached a high level and 54% a regular level. There was a low magnitude correlation between use of this technology and learning (rho = 0.230; p = 0.040). Conclusions: ICT use is a contributing factor in English learning. These technologies contribute to English learning, but appropriate teacher training is needed to improve the pedagogical impact of these tools.
Flipped Learning in preservice secondary English teachers
Introduction: The Flipped Learning approach reconfigures traditional teaching by moving direct instruction outside the classroom, fostering students’ active engagement and autonomy. Objective: To determine the relationship between the Flipped Learning methodology and English language learning in students of initial teacher training in Secondary Education. Methods: We conducted a correlational study with 50 students from the VI, VIII, and X cycles (2025-II). We applied two Likert-type questionnaires validated by expert judgment (Cronbach’s alpha: 0,987 and 0,985). Results: Most students (71%) reported high flipped learning implementation, which correlated with a high level of English proficiency (72%; rho = 0.800; p = 0.025). Conclusions: The Flipped Learning methodology correlated with good English language learning. We recommend strengthening teacher training in active methodologies to maximize the impact on linguistic production and academic performance.
Cruz Rafael de la Coromoto Mungarrieta-Virguez
Cover Crops: Benefits for Soil and the Environment
Introduction: One of the main concerns in current agricultural systems is the decline in soil quality and the deterioration of ecosystem services, highlighting the need to recover ancestral agricultural practices such as cover crops, which combine improvements in production systems with climate change mitigation. Methods: This literature review analyzes 111 publications from 2010 to 2025, examining the effects of cover crops across four thematic areas: (1) soil conservation and physical properties, (2) organic matter and nutrient inputs, (3) soil ecology, and (4) climate change mitigation. Results: Cover crops enhance soil structural stability, increase porosity, and promote greater water infiltration, thereby reducing water erosion. They also contribute biomass and nutrients that enrich organic matter, improve fertility, and strengthen moisture retention, even under hot conditions. Ecologically, they diversify soil biota, stimulate microbial and macrofaunal communities, and promote beneficial associations such as mycorrhizae. They represent a valuable strategy against climate change by enhancing carbon sequestration and reducing reflected solar radiation. However, living cover crops remain underutilized, mainly due to limited research on their integration into conventional agricultural management plans. Conclusion: Current literature indicates that cover crops are a key alternative for addressing agricultural challenges, helping to curb soil degradation and serving as a natural climate solution through carbon sequestration and radiation reduction. Nevertheless, their adoption remains limited, hindering the alignment of agricultural production with resource conservation and the development of more resilient and sustainable agroecosystems.
Rhizobium spp. strains with biofertilizer potential: Multivariate selection and their tolerance to critical conditions of tropical soils
Introduction: Leguminous plants establish symbiotic relationships with bacteria of the genus Rhizobium, which represent an important source of organic nitrogen in sustainable production. However, successful bacterial colonization remains a challenge due to the variability of soil conditions and current agronomic practices. Objective: To select Rhizobium spp. strains based on their tolerance to salinity and aluminum toxicity, and to evaluate their effect on the foliar mineral content of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). Methods: We did triplicate assays on Rhizobium spp. strains, from a Costa Rican laboratory, selected for siderophore production, phosphorus solubilization, and tolerance to salinity and aluminum toxicity. In greenhouse, we filled 4-L pots with soil that had been autoclaved twice. We inoculated seeds of the Guaymí and Cabécar varieties at sowing with the selected strains at a concentration of 10⁸ CFU. We established five treatments: T1 (CIAT899), T2 (CR4019B), T3 (CIAT899 + CR4019B), T4 (urea), and T5 (control), with four replicates in a randomized design. We terminated the experiment at flowering and analyzed foliar tissue chemistry. Results: Salinity was a major limiting factor for most strains, and aluminum exposure restricted growth. The strains CIAT899 and CR4019B had high phosphorus solubilization and lower siderophore production. Inoculation increased foliar nitrogen content in both varieties and resulted in significant differences in calcium, zinc, and boron in the Guaymí variety, with no differences in foliar nitrogen compared to the urea treatment. Conclusion: Responses depend on cultivar, emphasizing the need to select compatible strains and genotypes. Overall, Rhizobium spp. offers a sustainable alternative because inoculation with selected strains (particularly CIAT899 and CR4019B), enhances phosphorus solubilization and siderophore production, improving the availability and uptake of essential nutrients in P. vulgaris, including foliar nitrogen levels comparable to those achieved with synthetic fertilizers (urea), as well as good levels of calcium, zinc, and boron.
Richness, diversity, and conservation status of endemic plant species (Spermatophyta) in Costa Rica
Endemism is key for biological conservation, as these species have restricted distributions and small populations, making them highly vulnerable to extinction. This study presents the first complete and updated catalog of seed plant species endemic to Costa Rica, based on the database of the National Herbarium (CR) and other global taxonomic sources. A total of 1,604 endemic species is recorded, representing 17% of the country's native flora. Endemism is distributed across 108 families, with Orchidaceae (533 spp.), Piperaceae (219 spp.), Araceae (72 spp.), Rubiaceae (54 spp.), and Asteraceae (53 spp.) being the most representative. Monocotyledons account for 44.9% of the total endemic species, dicotyledons for 54.9%, and gymnosperms for 0.2%. Herbs predominate (49%), followed by shrubs and trees; most are terrestrial (57%) or epiphytic (41%). Only 22.8% of the endemic species have been assessed under IUCN criteria, with threat categories mainly Endangered (EN) and Critically Endangered (CR). This work emphasizes the urgency of strengthening research on endemic species of Costa Rica to protect this unique heritage.
Molecular and serological detection of Trypanosoma cruzi in a domestic cat from Costa Rica
Introduction: Trypanosoma cruzi is the protozoan that causes Chagas disease, a zoonotic infection of major relevance in Latin America. Dogs are the main peridomestic reservoirs, and the role of cats has been less explored. Objective: To check for T. cruzi in domestic cats from Costa Rica's Central Valley as a baseline for its possible role in urban and peridomestic infection cycles. Methods: We analyzed serum and DNA from 155 cats collected in mid-2021 using Indirect Hemagglutination (IHA), Indirect Fluorescent (IFA), and PCR assays. Results: One cat (0,6%) tested positive across all three platforms. Genetic sequencing revealed a 100% identity match with a rodent-derived strain from Texas (GenBank: LT220278). Conclusion: Our detection of a confirmed T. cruzi infection in a domestic cat demonstrates that the parasite is present in very low levels in some Costa Rican urban environments.
Ecosystem services in urban parks: carbon storage and tree health in the Cubujuquí Interurban Biological Corridor, Costa Rica
Introduction: Urban growth has reduced vegetation cover and biodiversity, affecting environmental quality and human well-being. Urban green areas provide regulating ecosystem services, including carbon capture and storage; however, data from the tropics—key regions for global biodiversity—remain scarce. Objective: To evaluate, for the first time, carbon stocks and the phytosanitary condition of trees in public urban green areas of the Cubujuquí Interurban Biological Corridor, Heredia, Costa Rica. Methods: We assessed carbon storage and phytosanitary status in 1 256 individuals representing 117 species. Results: The canton of Alajuela showed the highest carbon storage (27,625Mg C; 101,301Mg CO₂), whereas Flores and San Pablo recorded the lowest values. In total, the sample of 45 parks within the corridor stores 74,784Mg C, equivalent to 261,876Mg CO₂. Conclusion: Public green areas within the corridor function as urban carbon sinks with good phytosanitary conditions, contributing to tropical biodiversity conservation and climate change mitigation.
Nature-Based Solutions for Water and Disease Management in Banana, Plantain, and Pineapple: A Systematic Review
Introduction: Banana, plantain, and pineapple value chains contribute significantly to the economy of Central America but face major environmental challenges. Objective: To systematize nature-based solutions applicable to water and disease management across the production, post-harvest, and processing stages of these crops, based on scientific research published during the last five years. Methods: We conducted a systematic review following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses 2020 guidelines. We searched articles published between 2020 and 2024 in indexed journals in SciELO and Scopus and selected forty studies. We analyzed the studies using inductive thematic analysis and complemented this approach with a deductive assessment of research origins and methodological applicability. Results: Research on water management mainly focused on the processing stage. For banana and plantain, the most frequent topics included adsorption of water contaminants, use of by-products and waste, and development of new applications. For pineapple, studies primarily addressed the use of by-products and waste. Research on disease management concentrated on banana and plantain and emphasized antagonistic microorganisms, crop and soil management practices, and natural products, including the production of antagonists from pineapple residues. Most studies relied on controlled experimental designs. Conclusion: Although the scientific literature is diverse and highlights important advances in processing-stage innovations and disease control in banana and plantain, research under field and agro-industrial conditions remains limited, particularly for pineapple.
Acceptance of Artificial Intelligence (AI) Among Patients Receiving University Nursing Services: A Predictive Model
ABSTRACT. Predictive model for the acceptance of artificial intelligence in university nursing services. Introduction: The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in nursing services has increased in recent years, creating opportunities to improve the quality and efficiency of care; however, its implementation largely depends on user acceptance, and there is limited evidence in Latin American contexts to understand this phenomenon. Objective: We analyzed perceptions, attitudes, benefits, expectations, and level of support toward AI in nursing services in order to develop a predictive model to classify users according to their technological acceptance profile. Methods: We conducted a quantitative, descriptive, cross-sectional, and analytical study with 704 employees from a public university, to whom we applied a validated 21-item Likert-type psychometric scale grouped into five dimensions; we then performed exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, cluster analysis, and discriminant analysis. Results: We identified three user profiles: sceptics (26%), neutrals (41%), and enthusiasts (33%), with significant differences across all dimensions; the predictive model achieved high classification accuracy in both the training sample (98%) and the validation sample (97%). We observed a strong correlation between AI perception and perceived benefits, as well as the influence of variables such as age and job tenure on technological acceptance. Conclusion: AI acceptance in nursing is a heterogeneous and multidimensional phenomenon structured into distinct user profiles associated with their perceptions, attitudes, and expectations toward technology.
Hydrogeological connectivity and microbiological contamination by Escherichia coli: A GIS application in the Santa Marta Micro-Watershed, Tarrazú, Costa Rica
Introduction: In the Santa Marta micro-watershed, Tarrazú, Costa Rica, high concentrations of Escherichia coli (E. coli) have been reported, although the specific sources and mechanisms for this contamination were unclear. Objective: To analyze the influence of land use and hydrogeological conditions on E. coli. microbiological contamination in a tropical micro-watershed. Methods: We produced a relative concentration GIS (Geographic Information System) map of E. coli based on 64 water analyses conducted between July 2022 and October 2023. This was compared with potential concentration models integrating three main factors: land use, hydrogeological vulnerability, and basic soil infiltration capacity. Results: Sixty percent of the river network was classified within the High fecal contamination range, with average concentrations exceeding 1,600 MPN. Land use was dominated by agricultural crops (55% of the area), followed by urban areas (15%) and forest cover (25%). The first model (soil use + hydrogeologic vulnerability) achieved better adjustment in agricultural and forested areas, while the second (soil use + hydrogeologic vulnerability + soil infiltration) performed better in urban sectors. Conclusion: E. coli contamination in the Santa Marta micro-watershed is primarily associated with residential occupation of sites with hydrogeological vulnerability and flood-prone areas. Septic tanks were a key source of coliforms, which infiltrate groundwater and are later discharged into rivers. This process may also include contributions from sources located outside the topographic watershed, underscoring the importance of considering the hydrological basin as the functional unit of analysis.
Effect of substituting goat’s milk with cow’s milk in Crottin-type cheese
Introduction: Crottin-type cheese is traditionally made with goat’s milk, which gives it a distinctive sensory profile but may be too intense for some markets and more costly to produce; partial substitution with cow’s milk may support product diversification, sensory modulation, and cost reduction. Objective: We evaluated the effect of replacing goat’s milk with cow’s milk at 0%, 50%, and 100% on yield, physicochemical characteristics, texture, color, and sensory acceptance during storage. Methods: We determined yield after manufacture. On day three, we evaluated fat, protein, salt, and overall sensory acceptance; on days three and 22, we measured moisture, % ATECAL, pH, color, and texture. We assessed consumer acceptance with 124 participants and analyzed the results by cluster analysis. Results: Protein content was the only compositional variable that differed significantly among cheeses (p<0.05), increasing with the proportion of goat’s milk. During storage, pH and moisture decreased, while % ATECAL tended to decline as cow’s milk increased. Cheese type significantly affected all color and texture variables (p<0.05), with cheese type × time interaction only for b* and C*. Hardness was greater in 100% goat’s milk cheese and increased during storage. Cluster analysis showed that 56% of consumers accepted all formulations, especially those with 0% and 50% cow’s milk; 19% rejected all formulations; and 25% preferred the 100% cow’s milk cheese. Conclusion: Replacing goat’s milk with cow’s milk modified the physicochemical, color, and textural properties of Crottin-type cheese. Sensory acceptance varied by consumer segment, indicating diversification potential rather than a single optimal formulation.
Producción y caracterización fisicoquímica y textural de biocarbones: Influencia del tipo de horno de pirólisis
ABSTRACT. “Production and physicochemical and textural characterization of biochars: Influence of the type of pyrolysis system” Introduction: Biochar is a carbon-based material with strong potential to enhance soil fertility and contribute to agricultural sustainability. Its physicochemical properties depend on both the biomass used and the production conditions. In Costa Rica, crops such as coffee and oil palm generate large volumes of lignocellulosic residues with limited re-use options, representing an opportunity for conversion into biochar. Objective: To evaluate the effect of the pyrolysis system (field kiln and laboratory oven) on the production of biochar from cypress wood (Cupressus sp.), oil palm fruit bunch stalks (Elaeis guineensis), and bamboo (Guadua angustifolia), and its influence on their physical and chemical properties. Methods: Biochars were produced using an open-field "Kon Tiki" kiln and a laboratory-scale muffle furnace under controlled conditions. We characterized the materials using proximate analysis, ash content, pH, and electrical conductivity. Adsorption capacity was assessed using methylene blue and iodine number tests, while surface area and total porosity were estimated by the BET method. Results: We observed significant differences between biochars depending on biomass and kiln type. Field-produced biochars showed higher pH, electrical conductivity, and ash content, which correlated with greater cation exchange capacity but lower structural homogeneity. In contrast, laboratory biochars exhibited higher fixed carbon content, lower volatile-compound fraction, and superior textural development, reflected in larger surface areas and total porosities. The iodine number consistently exceeded methylene blue adsorption, confirming the predominance of the microporous fraction. Conclusions: Both biomass and kiln type strongly influence biochar properties. The methodological adjustments applied to the adsorption analysis improved measurement precision and analytical efficiency, making it suitable for large-sample studies under conventional laboratory conditions.
Innovative teaching strategies and student involvement: An analysis of pre-service secondary teachers of English language
Introduction: Innovative teaching strategies are essential in early teacher training to foster academic commitment and pedagogical excellence. Objective: To assess the relationship between the use of innovative teaching strategies and the level of student involvement among pre-service secondary teachers of English language. Methods: We used a non-probabilistic convenience sample of 34 pre-service teachers and a structured questionnaire focused on innovative methodologies, such as Problem-Based Learning and gamification, as well as the dimensions of student involvement. Results: There was significant usage of active strategies, with Gamification and Problem-Based Learning being the most prominent. More diverse strategic implementations matched more intense student involvement. Conclusions: Integrating innovative strategies during the initial teacher training stage favors commitment and professional readiness.
Instrument for Assessing Food Safety Culture
Introduction: Organizational culture is an intangible element that directly influences employee behavior and determines the effectiveness of management systems; its quantification allows for the identification of opportunities for improvement. Objective: To design and validate an instrument for diagnosing and strengthening food safety culture in organizations within the food industry. Methods: We validated the instrument using the Delphi methodology with the participation of 21 experts from the food sector. Content validity was determined through the modified Lawshe method, reliability was assessed using Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient, and agreement was analyzed using Kendall’s W test. Finally, we applied the instrument in four food industry companies to verify its practical usefulness. Conclusion: We obtained a content validity index of 0.8 (40 accepted items), a Cronbach’s Alpha of 0.99, and an agreement coefficient of 0.47. Results showed variation in food safety culture levels among the four companies: very high in the sausage plant (84) and the verification entity (95); moderate in the fish processing plant (51), and very high in the meat distribution company (91). We conclude that the instrument is valid, reliable, and applicable for diagnosing and strengthening food safety culture in the food industry.
Physicochemical properties of the tacaco (Sechium tacaco) fruit
Introduction: Tacaco (Sechium tacaco) is an autochthonous Costa Rican fruit (Cucurbitaceae) restricted to its unprocessed consumption. Its poorly studied physicochemical properties limit its industrialization. Objective: To characterize the physical and chemical properties of the tacaco fruit. Methods: We studied 192 ripe tacaco fruits from Cervantes and Paraiso in Cartago, Costa Rica. We measured 32 samples of at least 100g of edible fraction. All chemical analyses were by AOAC methods. Results: The fruits had an average mass of 38g, of which 59% corresponded to the edible fraction. Tacaco is similar to other cucurbits in its high moisture and low-fat content, corresponding to 79% and 0.22 g/100 g, respectively. However, its relatively higher protein content (0.95 g/100 g), total carbohydrates (16.75 g/100 g), and dissolved solids (7.00 °Brix) stand out. Average moisture was 79%, whereas ash and fiber contents were 0.79 g/100 g and 0.78 g/100 g, respectively. The fruit is slightly acidic, and its dissolved solids content indicates intermediate sweetness (coefficient of variation below 10% for both variables). Conclusion: This fruit has a low-fat content and relatively higher percentages of protein and carbohydrates compared to other cucurbits, which may confer nutritional value that could be exploited in the development of innovative food products.
Viral epidemiological surveillance in the otters (Lontra longicaudis) of the Peñas Blancas River basin, Costa Rica
Introduction: Otters (Lontra longicaudis) occur in both forested upper areas and disturbed middle and lower sections of the Peñas Blancas River basin in Costa Rica, with potential for zoonotic pathogen transmission to humans, domestic animals, and wildlife. Despite its ecological relevance as a top predator in freshwater ecosystems, information on viral infections affecting this otter remains scarce. Objective: To assess the presence of Influenzavirus A, Morbillivirus, and Coronavirus in this species and place. Methods: We collected 58 fecal samples from river rocks, confirmed them as L. longicaudis by endpoint PCR, and tested viral presence with RT-PCR. Conclusion: Although no viruses were detected, human-wildlife interactions warrant continued surveillance to prevent future outbreaks.