@article{Barrientos_2021, title={Feeding habitat of the understory arboreal snail Tikoconus costarricanus (Stylommatophora: Euconulidae) in a tropical montane wet forest, Costa Rica }, volume={13}, url={https://revistas.uned.ac.cr/index.php/cuadernos/article/view/3311}, DOI={10.22458/urj.v13i1.3311}, abstractNote={<p><span class="ContentControl SCXW233368775 BCX0" role="group" aria-label="Párrafo de control de contenido de texto enriquecido"><span class="TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW233368775 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0">Introduction: </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0">The feeding habitats of land snails are essential for their survival. Some are little known, </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0">for example</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0"> the </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0">upper surface</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0"> of leaves, habitat of tropical arboreal and shrub snails. </span></span><span class="TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW233368775 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0">Objective:</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0"> To analyze </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0">the feeding </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0">behavior and preferences in the feeding habitat of </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0">the tropical snail </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2 SCXW233368775 BCX0">T</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2 SCXW233368775 BCX0">ikoconus</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0"> </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2 SCXW233368775 BCX0">costarricanus</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0">. </span></span><span class="TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW233368775 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0">Methods:</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0"> In a humid montane tropical forest </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0">in</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0"> Cartago, Costa Rica, I recorded every 3 to 4 hours the </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0">feeding </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0">activity </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0">and general behavior </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0">of individually </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0">marked snails on a 2km trail (seven </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0">24-hour</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0"> </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0">visits in </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0">May 2010-March 2011</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0">).</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0"> </span></span><span class="TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW233368775 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0">Results:</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0"> I observed </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0">a total of </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0">167 </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0">individual </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0">specimens and made 781 observations</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0"> about their behavior and the leaves on which they were found</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0">. These snails preferred monocotyledonous leaves with many </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0">epiphylls</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0">, despite the fact that those leaves were not common in this forest</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0">. They avoided ferns</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0">,</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0"> and during the less rainy season</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0">,</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0"> they preferred leaves with many trichomes, although there were few</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0"> such leaves</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0">. On average</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0">,</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0"> they spent 11 hours on each </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0">individual </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0">leaf and visited two leaves per day. The few snails seen on </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0">stems</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0"> were almost always moving, as opposed to those on the </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0">leaf </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0">underside. On average they moved a net 65 cm each day. Feeding concentrated around 9:00 am and defecation around 4:20 am. </span></span><span class="TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW233368775 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0">Conclusions:</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0"> Th</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0">ese snails </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0">prefer leaves with many </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0">epiphylls</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0">,</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0"> where they </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0">find good </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0">camouflage</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0">, </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0">moisture and food. The preference for trichomes could be due to mechanical reasons. The lack of seasonality in their behavior may </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0">reflect</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0"> their stable food source in a forest that remains humid </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2 SCXW233368775 BCX0">year round</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW233368775 BCX0">.</span></span></span><span class="EOP SCXW233368775 BCX0" data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335551550":6,"335551620":6,"335559739":200,"335559740":276}"> </span></p>}, number={1}, journal={UNED Research Journal}, author={Barrientos, Zaidett}, year={2021}, month={Mar.}, pages={e3311} }