A leucistic female Canis latrans
(Carnivora: Canidae) in Costa Rica
Stephanny Arroyo-Arce1,2*, Daniel Corrales-Gutiérrez1, Deiver Espinoza-Muñoz1, Daniela Araya-Gamboa1,
Mónica Chávez-Ramos1 & Roberto Salom-Pérez1
1. Panthera, San Pedro de Montes de Oca, San José, Costa Rica;
sarroyo@panthera.org, 
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0993-0071,
dcorrales@panthera.org, 
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7493-3490,
despinoza@panthera.org, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5925-3729,
daraya@panthera.org, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9622-517X,
mchavez@panthera.org, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8187-8346
2. Coastal Jaguar Conservation, 126-3100, Santo Domingo, Heredia, Costa Rica;
rsalom@panthera.org, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3404-9585
* Correspondence
The coyote (Canis latrans) is a canid with a geographic distribution ranging from Alaska to western Panama (Wainwright, 2007). In Costa Rica, it is associated with both open (e.g. dry forest, paramo), and disturbed habitats (e.g. agricultural lands, areas near small towns) and primarily at elevations below 3 400m (Wainwright, 2007; Wilson & Mittermeier, 2009). Coyote coloration ranges from gray to rufous, with darker and grayer colorations more common at higher latitudes (Bekoff, 1977; Wilson & Mittermeier, 2009). Melanistic coyotes are rare (Gipson, 1976; Wilson & Mittermeier, 2009) while albino and leucistic (e.g. partially depigmented) coyote reports are even scarcer (Johnston, 1930; Young, 1951; López-González, 2011). Herein, we document the first evidence of a leucistic coyote in Costa Rica.
The study area encompasses the western boundary of Cordillera Volcánica Central Forest Reserve and Barbilla-Destierro Biological Subcorridor (Fig. 1). This area is characterized by a wide altitudinal gradient, with elevations ranging from 75m up to 3 340m (Bolaños & Watson, 1993; Panthera, 2015). The main economic activities are livestock, agriculture and tourism (Panthera, 2015).
As part of a mammal monitoring research project, from August 25, 2014 to April 23, 2015 a total of 52 camera traps (PANTHERA V3, V4, V5) stations were located across Cordillera Volcánica Central Forest Reserve (for a total of 3 495 camera trap nights). Additionally, a total of 90 camera trap stations were located in Barbilla-Destierro Biological Subcorridor from August 29, 2017 to August 02, 2018 (for a total of 9 041 camera trap nights) (Fig. 1). A total of 17 occurrences of a white coyote were recorded at three locations approximately 1km apart (Table 1). All these records correspond to what appears to be the same adult female, characterized by her white fur with a slight rufous coloration across her body (Fig. 2). The authors consider it to be a leucistic individual due to the partial depigmentation of the fur and normal coloration of the eyes, which is consistent with Jehl (1985). Albino individuals, on the other hand, are completely white and their eyes are red or blue (Hu, Hanifin, Prescott, & Tongue, 1980).
Abnormal colorations in wild populations of coyotes are extremely rare. For instance, in the United States, Johnston (1930) mentioned just one albino coyote out of 20 000 individuals, while Young (1951) reported that in 30 years, one out of 287 767 individuals were albino. More recently, López-González (2011) documented one leucistic coyote in the Chihuahuan Desert of Durango, México. It is still unclear what factors trigger this condition in the wild. However, some authors (Bensch, Hansson, Hasselquist, & Nielsen, 2000; Brito & Valdivieso-Bermeo, 2016) linked leucism to inbreeding (e.g. due to isolation of populations), heritable mutation (van Grouwn, 2013) and environmental factors (e.g. nuclear pollution; Moller & Mousseau, 2001). Regardless of the cause, it could be assumed that the lack of pigmentation on coyotes, and on most other wild species, could represent an ecological disadvantage in the Tropics. For example, their inability to camouflage could decrease their hunting success and make them an easier target for sympatric predators (e.g. Panthera onca, Puma concolor). Furthermore, it could also reduce an individual’s breeding success, as well as its communication and thermoregulation (Caro, 2005). In conclusion, it is important for researchers to document occurrences of unusual colorations in wildlife to gain a better understanding of this condition.
Ethical, conflict of interest and financial statements: The authors declare that they have fully complied with all pertinent ethical and legal requirements, both during the study and in the production of the manuscript; that there are no conflicts of interest of any kind; that all financial sources are fully and clearly stated in the acknowledgements section; and that they fully agree with the final edited version of the article. A signed document has been filed in the journal archives.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We would like to thank the Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación (SINAC) of Costa Rica, the Costa Rican Electricity Institute (ICE) and landowners for giving us permission to conduct this work and for their logistical support. We would also like to thank the Barbilla-Destierro Biological Subcorridor Local Council and all the assistants and guides that helped in this study, specially to Ever Urbina Ruiz. Funding for this project was provided by the Interamerican Development Bank and Panthera.
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